How Idioms, Phrases & Vocabulary
Can Add Extra Marks
to Your Competitive Exam Score
5 Vocabulary Hacks Every SSC, Banking & UPSC Aspirants Should Know
Enhancing your competitive exam score can often hinge on your command of idioms, phrases, and vocabulary.
First, a rich vocabulary allows you to comprehend and analyze complex reading passages more efficiently, enabling quicker and more accurate answers.
Second, idioms and phrases often appear in comprehension sections and knowing them can improve your understanding of the text's nuance and tone.
Fourth, idioms are frequently used in verbal reasoning tests, and familiarity with them can enhance your ability to interpret and respond to questions quickly.
Finally, a strong grasp of language nuances, including idioms and phrases, aids in better comprehension of instructions and questions, reducing errors and maximizing your score potential.
By integrating these elements into your study routine, you'll strengthen your language skills and boost your exam performance. Enhancing vocabulary
for competitive exams involves a multifaceted approach, combining reading, practice, and active usage.
Start by reading a variety of materials such as newspapers, novels, and academic journals to expose yourself to new words in context.
“The Economist” can introduce terms like “macroeconomics” or “diplomacy.” Utilize vocabulary-building apps or flashcards to reinforce new words, and practice using them in sentences to aid retention.
Engage in word games like Scrabble or Crossword Puzzles to make learning fun.
Crossword puzzles and Scrabble are popular word games that enhance vocabulary, spelling, and connective skills. Crosswords are grid-based puzzles where players fill in intersecting horizontal and vertical words based on given clues. They are excellent for improving vocabulary and stimulating the brain through problem-solving.
For example, a crossword clue might be "a four-legged animal that barks" with the answer being "dog."
Here's a 10-word English Crossword Puzzle suitable for SSC CGL, CHSL, Banking, and other competitive exams.
Activities For English Learners & SSC Aspirants:
Activity 1
Across:
1.Hyperbole 3.Onomatopoeia
4. simile 7. alliteration
Down:
2. Anthropomorphism 5 Idiom
6. Pun 8. Metaphor
Activity 2
Crossword Grid
1 V
2 R O O T
C
A
3 I D I O M
B
U
4 P H R A S E
L
A
R
Y
Across
2. The base part of a word from which other words are formed. (4)
Answer: ROOT
3. A group of words whose meaning cannot be understood literally. (5)
Answer: IDIOM
4. A group of words that acts as a single unit in a sentence. (6)
Answer: PHRASE
Down
1. The knowledge of words and their meanings. (10)
Answer: VOCABULARY
Answer Key
1 Down: VOCABULARY
2 Across: ROOT
3 Across: IDIOM
4 Across: PHRASE
Scrabble, on the other hand, is a board game where players create words from individual letter tiles on
a grid, scoring points based on the letters' values and strategic placement. It encourages players to think creatively and enhances spelling skills.
For instance, using high-value letters like "Q" and "Z" on premium squares can maximize
points, such as forming the word "quiz" on a triple-word score. Both games are engaging
ways to improve language skills while having fun.
Additionally, incorporate new vocabulary into your writing and speaking exercises.
Join study groups where you can discuss and quiz each other on new terms, ensuring a deeper understanding and retention.
Boost Your Competitive Exam Score:
5 Game-Changing Benefits of Learning Idioms, Phrases & Vocabulary SSC CGL Vocabulary Master Plan 2026
Creating a master plan for mastering vocabulary for the SSC CGL exam by 2026 involves a strategic approach that combines consistent practice, diverse learning methods, and periodic assessments.
Here’s a suggested plan:
1. Daily Vocabulary Practice: Dedicate at least 30 minutes daily to learning new words. Use vocabulary lists specifically tailored for competitive exams like SSC CGL, focusing on commonly tested words. Apps like Anki or Quizlet can be useful for creating digital flashcards.
2. Reading and Contextual Learning: Regularly read newspapers, magazines, and novels, paying attention to unfamiliar words. Note these words down and look up their meanings. Contextual learning helps in understanding how words are used in different scenarios.
3. Word Roots and Etymology: Study the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of words. This can help you deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words and expand your vocabulary exponentially.
4. Practice Tests and Quizzes: Take regular vocabulary quizzes and practice tests to assess your learning. This not only tests your knowledge but also familiarizes you with the exam pattern.
5. Engage in Conversations: Try to use new vocabulary in everyday conversations. This reinforces your learning and boosts your confidence in using the words correctly.
6. Review and Revise: Periodically review your vocabulary list. Repetition is key to retention, so regularly revisiting old words ensures they remain fresh in your memory.
By following this structured approach, you can effectively enhance your vocabulary skills and boost your performance in the SSC CGL exam by 2026.
Improving vocabulary is a common challenge, but with consistent effort, it can be mastered. One effective strategy is to read regularly and diversely. Exploring a variety of genres, such as fiction, non-fiction, and academic articles, exposes you to new words in different contexts, enhancing understanding and retention.
Additionally, maintaining a vocabulary journal can be incredibly beneficial. Write down unfamiliar words, their meanings, and example sentences. Review this journal regularly to reinforce learning. Engaging in word games like crosswords or apps designed for vocabulary building can also make learning more enjoyable. Furthermore, using flashcards to test yourself can solidify your knowledge.
Lastly, try to incorporate new words into your daily conversations or writing, as actively using them helps cement them in your memory. Consistency and patience are key, so commit to daily practice, and over time, you'll find your vocabulary significantly improved.
50 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) require a structured approach. Below are 10 sample questions from each category: synonyms, antonyms, idioms, one-word substitutions, and phrasal verbs, complete with answers and explanations.
Synonyms:
Synonyms are words with similar or identical meanings, allowing for varied expression in writing or speech. They enrich language, enhance clarity, and provide nuanced ways to convey ideas effectively.
1. Select the synonym for "abundant".
a) Scant
b) Plentiful
c) Rare
d) Sparse
Answer: b) Plentiful
Explanation: "Abundant" and "plentiful" both refer to something existing in large quantities.
2. Select the synonym for "mendacious".
a) Truthful
b) Deceptive
c) Honest
d) Frank
Answer: b) Deceptive
Explanation: "Mendacious" refers to lying or being untruthful, similar to "deceptive."
3. Select the synonym for "inquisitive".
a) Apathetic
b) Curious
c) Disinterested
d) Negligent
Answer: b) Curious
Explanation: "Inquisitive" and "curious" both describe someone eager to learn or know more.
4. Select the synonym for "benevolent".
a) Malevolent
b) Kind
c) Cruel
d) Indifferent
Answer: b) Kind
Explanation: "Benevolent" describes someone who is kind and well-meaning.
5. Select the synonym for "fortify".
a) Weaken
b) Defend
c) Destroy
d) Undo
Answer: b) Defend
Explanation: To "fortify" means
to strengthen and protect, similar
to "defend."
6. Select the synonym for "arduous".
a) Easy
b) Effortless
c) Difficult
d) Simple
Answer: c) Difficult
Explanation: "Arduous" tasks are challenging and require a lot of effort, similar to "difficult."
7. Select the synonym for "ephemeral".
a) Eternal
b) Fleeting
c) Permanent
d) Long-lasting
Answer: b) Fleeting
Explanation: "Ephemeral" refers to something short-lived, much like "fleeting."
8. Select the synonym for "concur".
a) Disagree
b) Argue
c) Agree
d) Fight
Answer: c) Agree
Explanation: "Concur" means to be of the same opinion, similar to "agree."
9. Select the synonym for "elusive".
a) Obvious
b) Clear
c) Evasive
d) Transparent
Answer: c) Evasive
Explanation: "Elusive" describes something difficult to find, catch, or achieve, akin to "evasive."
10. Select the synonym for "mitigate".
a) Intensify
b) Alleviate
c) Aggravate
d) Exacerbate
Answer: b) Alleviate
Explanation: "Mitigate" means to make less severe or serious, similar to "alleviate."
Antonyms:
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, such as "hot" and "cold."
They help enrich language by providing contrast, enhancing understanding, and allowing more precise expression in communication.
1. Select the antonym for "garrulous".
a) Talkative
b) Silent
c) Chatty
d) Wordy
Answer: b) Silent
Explanation: "Garrulous" means excessively talkative, while "silent" refers to being quiet.
2. Select the antonym for "diligent".
a) Lazy
b) Hardworking
c) Busy
d) Industrious
Answer: a) Lazy
Explanation: "Diligent" means
showing care in work, opposite of
"lazy."
3. Select the antonym for "prudent".
a) Wise
b) Reckless
c) Careful
d) Cautious
Answer: b) Reckless
Explanation: "Prudent" refers to being wise and careful, while "reckless" means acting without thought of consequences.
4. Select the antonym for "ambiguous".
a) Clear
b) Vague
c) Indistinct
d) Uncertain
Answer: a) Clear
Explanation: "Ambiguous" means unclear or having multiple meanings, opposite of "clear."
5. Select the antonym for "exuberant".
a) Joyful
b) Lively
c) Depressed
d) Energetic
Answer: c) Depressed
Explanation: "Exuberant" means full of energy and excitement, opposite of "depressed."
6. Select the antonym for "conspicuous".
a) Noticeable
b) Obvious
c) Hidden
d) Prominent
Answer: c) Hidden
Explanation: "Conspicuous" means easily seen, while "hidden" means concealed.
7. Select the antonym for "lucid".
a) Clear
b) Coherent
c) Confused
d) Understandable
Answer: c) Confused
Explanation: "Lucid" clear and easy to understand, opposite of "confused."
8. Select the antonym for "voracious".
a) Hungry
b) Satisfied
c) Insatiable
d) Greedy
Answer: b) Satisfied
Explanation: "Voracious" means having a huge appetite, opposite of "satisfied.
9. Select the antonym for "docile".
a) Obedient
b) Submissive
c) Rebellious
d) Compliant
Answer: c) Rebellious
Explanation: "Docile" means easily managed or taught, opposite of "rebellious."
10. Select the antonym for "ardent".
a) Passionate
b) Indifferent
c) Enthusiastic
d) Eager
Answer: b) Indifferent
Explanation: "Ardent" means passionate and enthusiastic, opposite of "indifferent."
Idioms:
Idioms are expressions with meanings distinct from the literal interpretations of their words. For instance, "kick the bucket" means to die, while "under the weather" signifies feeling unwell.
1. What does the idiom "break the ice" mean?
a) To start a conversation
b) To end a friendship
c) To make a mistake
d) To apologize
Answer: a) To start a conversation
Explanation: "Break the ice" means to do
or say something to relieve tension or get a conversation started.
2. What does the idiom "hit the sack" mean?
a) Go to work
b) Go to sleep
c) Get into trouble
d) Quit a job
Answer: b) Go to sleep
Explanation: "Hit the sack" is an informal
way to say going to bed or going to sleep.
3. What does the idiom "at the drop of a hat" mean?
a) With hesitation
b) For a brief moment
c) Without hesitation
d) After a long time
Answer: c) Without hesitation
Explanation: "At the drop of a hat" means to
do something immediately or without any delay.
4. What does the idiom "piece of cake" mean?
a) A task that is challenging
b) A delicious dessert
c) An easy task
d) A complicated process
Answer: c) An easy task
Explanation: "Piece of cake" refers to something that is very easy to do.
5. What does the idiom "barking up the wrong tree" mean?
a) Accusing the wrong person
b) Making a loud noise
c) Seeking help from others
d) Climbing a tree
Answer: a) Accusing the wrong . person
Explanation: "Barking up the wrong tree" means to pursue a mistaken or misguided line of action.
6. What does the idiom "spill the beans" mean?
a) To make a mess
b) To share a secret
c) To cook a meal
d) To plant seeds
Answer: b) To share a secret
Explanation: "Spill the beans" means to reveal a secret or disclose confidential information.
7. What does the idiom "kick the bucket" mean?
a) To start a task
b) To die
c) To win a prize
d) To quit a game
Answer: b) To die
Explanation: "Kick the bucket" is a colloquial way to say someone has died.
8. What does the idiom "pull someone's leg" mean?
a) To physically pull a limb
b) To tease or joke with someone
c) To help someone
d) To criticize someone
Answer: b) To tease or joke with someone
Explanation: "Pull someone's leg" means to playfully deceive someone as a joke.
9. What does the idiom "on cloud nine" mean?
a) Extremely happy
b) Confused
c) Angry
d) Tired
Answer: a) Extremely happy
Explanation: "On cloud nine" means being in a state of extreme happiness or bliss.
10. What does the idiom "let the cat out of the bag" mean?
a) To release an animal
b) To reveal a secret
c) To make a mistake
d) To start a fight
Answer: b) To reveal a secret
Explanation: "Let the cat out of the bag" means to accidentally reveal a secret.
One-Word Substitutions:
One-word substitutions simplify language by replacing longer phrases with a single term. For example, "autobiography" replaces "the story of one's life written by oneself," enhancing clarity and brevity in communication.
1. What is the one-word substitution for "one who loves books"?
a) Bibliophile
b) Philanthropist
c) Autocrat
d) Epicure
Answer: a) Bibliophile
Explanation: A "bibliophile" is a person who loves books and often collects them.
2. What is the one-word substitution for "a place where birds are kept"?
a) Aquarium
b) Aviary
c) Apiary
d) Observatory
Answer: b) Aviary
Explanation: An "aviary" is a large enclosure for confining birds.
3. What is the one-word substitution for "one who is all-powerful"?
a) Omniscient
b) Omnipresent
c) Omnipotent
d) Omnivorous
Answer: c) Omnipotent
Explanation: "Omnipotent" refers to someone or something that is all-powerful or has unlimited power.
4. What is the one-word substitution for "a person who withdraws from the world to live in seclusion"?
a) Recluse
b) Sociopath
c) Extrovert
d) Philanthropist
Answer: a) Recluse
Explanation: A "recluse" is someone who lives a solitary life and tends to avoid other people.
5. What is the one-word substitution for "a speech delivered without prior preparation"?
a) Manuscript
b) Monologue
c) Extempore
d) Dialogue
Answer: c) Extempore
Explanation: "Extempore" refers to speaking or performing without preparation.
6. What is the one-word substitution for "a person who eats too much"?
a) Anorexic
b) Glutton
c) Gourmet
d) Ascetic
Answer: b) Glutton
Explanation: A "glutton" is someone who eats excessively and greedily.
7. What is the one-word substitution for "a government by the rich"?
a) Aristocracy
b) Bureaucracy
c) Plutocracy
d) Democracy
Answer: c) Plutocracy
Explanation: "Plutocracy" is a system of government where the wealthy hold power.
8. What is the one-word substitution for "a person who writes dictionaries"?
a) Editor
b) Lexicographer
c) Grammarian
d) Bibliographer
Answer: b) Lexicographer
Explanation: A "lexicographer" is someone who compiles dictionaries.
9. What is the one-word substitution for "a person who studies the stars and planets"?
a) Astrologer
b) Astronomer
c) Geologist
d) Biologist
Answer: b) Astronomer
Explanation: An "astronomer" is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as stars, planets,
and galaxies.
10. What is the one-word substitution for "a person who composes music"?
a) Lyricist
b) Conductor
c) Composer
d) Instrumentalist
Answer: c) Composer
Explanation: A "composer" is someone who writes and creates music.
Phrasal Verbs:
Phrasal verbs are combinations of verbs and prepositions or adverbs, creating a new meaning. For example, "give up" means to stop trying, different from the literal meanings of "give" and "up."
1. What does "bring up" mean in the context of a conversation?
a) To vomit
b) To mention or introduce a topic
c) To rear a child
d) To increase in volume
Answer: b) To mention or introduce a topic
Explanation: "Bring up" means to introduce a subject into the conversation.
2. What does "give in" mean?
a) To donate
b) To surrender or yield
c) To enter
d) To contribute
Answer: b) To surrender or yield
Explanation: "Give in" means to stop resisting and agree to something.
3. What does "turn down" mean?
a) To increase volume
b) To reject or refuse
c) To rotate
d) To accept
Answer: b) To reject or refuse
Explanation: "Turn down" means to refuse an offer or request.
4. What does "look after" mean?
a) To search for
b) To care for or take responsibility for
c) To admire
d) To overlook
Answer: b) To care for or take responsibility for
Explanation: "Look after" means to take care of someone or something.
5. What does "put off" mean?
a) To delay or postpone
b) To extinguish
c) To discard
d) To impress
Answer: a) To delay or postpone
Explanation: "Put off" means to postpone an event or action to a later time.
6. What does "run out of" mean?
a) To escape
b) To exhaust a supply of something
c) To chase
d) To leave quickly
Answer: b) To exhaust a supply of something
Explanation: "Run out of" means to have no more of something left.
7. What does "set up" mean?
a) To dismantle
b) To establish or arrange
c) To lie down
d) To settle down
Answer: b) To establish or arrange
Explanation: "Set up" means to organize or establish a new business or system.
8. What does "take after" mean?
a) To pursue
b) To resemble a family member
c) To care for
d) To follow
Answer: b) To resemble a family member
Explanation: "Take after" means to resemble someone in appearance or behavior, usually a family member.
9. What does "call off" mean?
a) To visit
b) To cancel
c) To summon
d) To announce
Answer: b) To cancel
Explanation: "Call off" means to cancel an event or arrangement.
10. What does "look up to" mean?
a) To search for information
b) To admire or respect
c) To increase in height
d) To glance upwards
Answer: b) To admire or respect
Explanation: "Look up to" means to admire or hold someone in high regard.
These questions cover a range of vocabulary skills, including synonyms, antonyms, idioms,
one-word substitutions, and phrasal verbs, providing a comprehensive test of English language proficiency.
Frequently Asked Questions About Preparing for the English Section
in Competitive Exams
What are the most important topics in the English Section for competitive exams?
The English section of competitive exams typically focuses on several key areas to assess a candidate's language proficiency, comprehension, and analytical skills. Among the most important topics are:
1. Reading Comprehension: This section evaluates the ability to understand and interpret written passages. It tests skills such as identifying main ideas, making inferences, and deducing meanings of words from context.
2. Grammar and Usage: Candidates are tested on their understanding of English grammar rules, including sentence structure, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, prepositions, and punctuation.
3. Vocabulary: This involves questions on synonyms, antonyms, and word meanings, often requiring a strong vocabulary and the ability to understand nuances in word usage.
4. Sentence Correction and Error Spotting: These questions require candidates to identify and correct grammatical errors in sentences or choose the correctly structured
sentence from a set of options.
5. Para Jumbles and Sentence Arrangement: This tests the ability to logically sequence sentences to form coherent paragraphs, assessing both comprehension and logical reasoning skills.
6. Cloze Tests: Candidates fill in blanks in a passage with appropriate words, testing their understanding of context, grammar, and vocabulary.
Focusing on these areas not only helps in scoring well in competitive exams but also enhances
overall language proficiency. Practicing regularly and engaging with a variety of reading materials
can significantly bolster one's performance in these sections.
Is rote learning effective for competitive exam vocabulary?
Rote learning can be effective for memorizing vocabulary for competitive exams, as it involves repetition that helps commit information to memory quickly. This method is particularly
useful for exams that require the recall of specific terms or definitions under time constraints.
However, rote learning has limitations; it often lacks depth of understanding and may not
aid in the application of vocabulary in context. To enhance effectiveness, combining rote
learning with other techniques such as using flashcards, engaging in reading comprehension
exercises,and applying new words in sentences can provide a more comprehensive understanding.
This multi-faceted approach not only aids in retention but also enhances the ability to use
vocabulary dynamically in various contexts, which is often crucial for success in
competitive exams.
How can I improve my reading comprehension speed and accuracy?
Improving reading comprehension speed and accuracy involves a combination of strategies that enhance both understanding and efficiency. Start by setting clear reading goals, which can help you focus on key information. Preview the text before diving in; skimming headings, subheadings, and summaries can give you a sense of the main ideas. Practice active reading by taking notes, highlighting, or summarizing as you go, which reinforces understanding and retention. Expand your vocabulary to reduce the time spent puzzling over unfamiliar words. Utilize techniques like chunking, where you read groups of words together instead of one at a time, to increase your reading speed. Additionally, regularly practice reading with a variety of materials to build your skills over time. Lastly, minimize distractions and create a conducive environment for reading to maintain concentration and improve comprehension.
How much time should I dedicate to English preparation daily?
The amount of time you should dedicate to English preparation daily can vary depending on your goals, current proficiency level, and other commitments. If you're preparing for an exam like the TOEFL or IELTS or aiming to improve your English for academic or professional purposes, dedicating at least one to two hours a day can be beneficial. This allows you to cover various aspects such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking. If you're at a beginner level or have a more relaxed timeline, even 30 minutes a day can lead to steady progress over time. It's important to be consistent and engaged with your practice, balancing different activities to develop a well-rounded skill set. Adjust the time based on your progress and comfort level, ensuring that your learning remains enjoyable and effective.
How do I stay motivated while preparing for the English section?
Staying motivated while preparing for the English section of an exam requires a strategic and enthusiastic approach. Begin by setting clear, achievable goals that break down the larger task into smaller, manageable parts. This can include daily or weekly targets for reading comprehension, vocabulary building, and practice tests. Incorporate a variety of study materials, such as engaging novels, articles, and interactive apps, to keep the content fresh and interesting. Additionally, reward yourself for meeting milestones; this could be a small treat, a break, or an activity you enjoy. Surround yourself with supportive study groups or partners who can provide encouragement and share insights. Lastly, remind yourself of the long-term benefits of mastering the English section, such as improved communication skills and better opportunities, keeping your eye on the ultimate prize.
Stay Ahead of the Curve:
Final Tips for English Mastery in Competitive Exams
To excel in competitive exams, especially in the English section, it is crucial to stay ahead of
the curve by honing your language skills. Here are some final tips to master English effectively:
1. Expand Your Vocabulary:
A robust vocabulary is essential for understanding complex texts and expressing ideas clearly. For instance, learn synonyms and antonyms by reading diverse materials like newspapers, journals, and novels. Use flashcards or apps to reinforce new words daily.
2. Improve Reading Comprehension:
Practice by reading various genres, such as fiction, biographies, and scientific articles. Summarize what you read to ensure you've grasped the main ideas. For example, when reading a passage about climate change, identify the author's argument and the evidence provided.
3. Enhance Grammar and Syntax:
A strong command of grammar is vital for writing and comprehension. Engage with grammar exercises that cover topics like subject-verb agreement, tenses, and sentence structure. For example, practice identifying and correcting errors in sample sentences: “The cat were playing with its toy” should be “The cat was playing with its toy.”
4. Develop Writing Skills:
Practice writing essays or reports on various topics to improve coherence and structure. Pay attention to the introduction, body, and conclusion. For example, when writing about the benefits of renewable energy, start with an engaging introduction, followed by supporting paragraphs, and a strong conclusion.
5. Practice Speaking and Listening:
Enhance your listening skills by tuning into English podcasts or news channels. Practice speaking by participating in debates or discussions.
For example,
join a study group where you can discuss topics or current events in English.
By integrating these strategies into your study routine, you can significantly enhance your English proficiency, ensuring you are well-prepared for any competitive exam.
How do a Candidate score 190+ marks in the vocabulary section?
To score 190+ marks in the vocabulary section of the SSC CGL exam, a strategic approach is essential. Start by building a robust vocabulary foundation through regular reading of newspapers, magazines, and books, focusing on context to understand word usage.
Utilize vocabulary lists specifically tailored for competitive exams, such as Barron's GRE word list or Norman Lewis' "Word Power Made Easy," to expand your lexicon systematically. Engage in daily practice with flashcards or apps like Anki to reinforce memory retention. Additionally, practice through previous years’ question papers and mock tests to familiarize yourself with the exam format
and time management.
Lastly, incorporate learning techniques such as mnemonics and word associations to make memorization more effective. Consistent effort, coupled with a strategic study plan, can
significantly enhance your performance in the vocabulary section.
Enhancing one's vocabulary is a rewarding endeavor that can be achieved through several effective strategies. Firstly, reading widely across different genres exposes individuals to new words in various contexts, making them easier to understand and remember. Books, articles, and even well-written blogs can be excellent sources. Secondly, engaging in conversations with diverse groups of people can introduce new terminologies and expressions, fostering a richer vocabulary. Additionally, utilizing vocabulary-building apps and tools can provide structured learning opportunities and daily practice. Writing regularly, whether it's journaling or crafting essays, encourages the use of newly acquired words, reinforcing their meaning and usage. Flashcards can also be a powerful tool for memorization, especially when paired with spaced repetition techniques to promote long-term retention. Moreover, learning the roots of words, along with prefixes and suffixes, can help decipher unfamiliar vocabulary. Finally, keeping a personal vocabulary journal to jot down new words and their meanings can serve as a handy reference and a testament to one's progress. By incorporating these methods, anyone can significantly expand their vocabulary.
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